Glossary Of Green Terms
Air Pollution - Airborne contaminants or pollutants that adversely affect the environment or human health.
Biodegradable - A material or substance which, when left exposed to nature, will decompose without harmful effects to the environment.
Bio-Based Materials - Knoll’s strategy is to explore the use of bio-based materials in Knoll products. A foam derived from corn feed stock is currently being tested. The goal is to use this material in seating products. The next generation work chair is being developed with a leading polymer company. The chair is expected to feature a new bio-based plastic.
Brownfield - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) designation for existing facilities or sites that have been abandoned or underused because of real or perceived environmental contamination. The EPA sponsors an initiative to help mitigate these health risks and return the facility or land to renewed use.
Building Envelope - The entire perimeter of a building enclosed by its roof, walls and foundation. Properly designed, the envelope can minimize temperature gain or loss and moisture infiltration.
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) - Solar panels that have been integrated into the design of the building or structure.
Building-Related Illness (BRI) - Serious and diagnosable health conditions, usually of the respiratory system, that can be attributed to specific air quality problems within a building.
Captured Rainwater - Through the use of appropriate roofing materials and gutter systems, rainwater can be harvested or collected then stored for future non-potable use such as showers and hand washing. (See also Graywater)
Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE) - Voluntary initiative of the carpet industry and government to prevent carpet from burdening landfills, CARE focuses on developing carpet reclamation and recycling methods.
Certified Wood - Under the guidance of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), wood-based materials used in building construction that are supplied form sources that comply with sustainable forestry practices, protecting trees, wildlife habitat, streams and soil.
Chain of Custody - The verification of certified wood.
Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX®) - An exchange that administers the world’s first and North America’s only active voluntary, legally biding trading system to reduce emissions of all six greenhouse gases, with offset projects in North America and worldwide. CCX promotes greenhouse gas reduction through the trading of “credits” (Carbon Financial Instruments), which companies earn for achieving reductions in emissions measured against baselines. In 2006, Knoll became the first company in the contract furniture industry to join CCX. Knoll membership in CCX was the result of their participation in the Energy and Climate Change Group on the non-partisan Clinton Global initiative.
Chlorine Free Products Association {CFPA} - is an independent not-for-profit accreditation & standard setting organization. Our focus is promoting sustainable manufacturing practices, implementing advanced technologies free of chlorine chemistry, educating consumers on alternatives, and developing world markets for sustainably produced third party certified products and services. The CFPA has no financial interest in any manufacturer, or company, of the products it certifies.
Chlorofluorocarbons - (CFC) A group of volatile gases believed to deplete the ozone layer of the Earth’s stratosphere. These gases have been discontinued from use as refrigerants and as blowing agents used to make foam.
Clean-Air Act 1972 - Ground-breaking legislation administered by the EPA that mandates specific measures to protect the air quality and respiratory health of U.S. inhabitants.
Construction Waste Management Plan (CWMP) - A plan that diverts construction debris from landfills through conscientious plans to recycle, salvage and reuse. For best results, this type of plan should also eliminate packaging of materials when possible and be carefully monitored or audited by the contractor.
Cradle-to-Cradle - A concept introduced by architect William McDonough that prescribes at the end of a product’s useful life, the product will decompose entirely with no negative environmental impact: otherwise it can be used as post-consumer material when recycled into a new product.
Cradle-to-Grave - With no consideration for sustainability, these types of products are used for a period of time and then discarded, often long before their useful life is actually complete.
Daylighting - Natural daylight introduced to interior spaces and controlled specifically to reduce levels of electric lighting, minimize glare and optimize lighting quality.
Embodied Energy - All the energy used to grow, extract and manufacture a product including the amount of energy needed to transport it to the jobsite and complete the installation.
Energy Efficient - Products and systems that use less energy to perform as well or better than standard products. While some have higher up-front costs, energy-efficient products cost less to operate over their lifetime.
Energy Star Rating - The label given by the EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to appliances and products that exceed federal energy efficiency standards. This label helps consumers identify products that will save energy and money. ENERGY STAR - labeled appliances often exceed the efficiency levels of other new products.
Environmentally Friendly - A term that refers to the degree to which a product may harm the environment, including the biosphere, soil, water and air.
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing - The federal government requires that purchase of products or services that have the least negative effect on the environment and human health in consideration of the acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing methods, packaging, distribution, recyclables, operation, maintenance and final disposal.
Environmental Design Guidelines - Knoll’s approach to sustainable design considers all of the parts and pieces of the supply chain. They have “Design for the Environment” guidelines for all new products, which includes: Offering step-by-step procedures that define sustainable practices for the total design, development and manufacturing of a Knoll product. Mandate accountability from all disciplines and departments.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) - Tobacco smoke producing airborne, cancer-causing particles that are exhaled by smokers and inhaled by all. ETS must be entirely eliminated from any built environment that considers itself green.
Flush Out - To help ensure that indoor air quality, mechanical systems are operated for a minimum of two weeks using 100 percent outside air at the end of construction and prior to building occupancy.
Forest Stewardship Council Certification (FSC) - The FSC has developed a set of principles and criteria for responsible forest management that is consistently applied to all FSC-certifies forests worldwide. The program certifies wood products recognized as coming from “well-managed” forests adhering to strict environmental and socioeconomic standards.
Formaldehyde - A gaseous chemical used to bind together and preserve building materials and household products. A potential carcinogen, its use should be avoided whenever possible.
Fossil Fuels - Fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas extracted from beneath the earth’s surface often with significant environmental and political cost. These fuels are a finite resource and are non-renewable.
Graywater - Refers to wastewater coming from sinks, showers and laundry that can be collected and treated for some reuse, such as the flushing of toilets or watering of landscape. (See also Captured Rainwater)
Green-e SFI - The Sustainable Forestry Initiative® program is a comprehensive system of principles, objectives and performance measures developed by foresters, conservationists and scientists that combine the perpetual growing and harvesting of trees with the protection of wildlife, plants, soil and water quality.
GREENGUARD - www.greenguard.org Established performance-based standards to define goods such as building materials, interior furnishings, furniture, cleaning and maintenance products, electronic equipment and personal care products with low chemical and particle emissions for use indoors. The standards establish certification procedures including test methods, allowable emissions levels, product sample collection and handing, testing type and frequency, and program application processes and acceptance. www.greenguard.org
GREENGUARD Indoor Air Quality Certification – Establishes standards for indoor air quality.
Green Seal – FSC The FSC has developed a set of principles and criteria for responsible forest management that is consistently applied to all FSC-certifies forests worldwide. The program certifies wood products recognized as coming from “well-managed” forests adhering to strict environmental and socioeconomic standards.
Hazardous Waste - By products of society with physical, chemical or infectious characteristics that pose hazards to the environment and human health when improperly handled.
High Performance Green Building - These buildings include design features that conserve water and energy; use space, materials and resources efficiently; minimize construction waste; and create healthy indoor environments.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) - Through not without some negative environmental impacts, these substances are used to replace CFC’s because they are less damaging to the ozone layer. HCFCs are slated to be banned along with CFCs by 2030.
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) - The supply and introduction of adequate air for ventilation and control airborne contaminants, acceptable temperatures and relative humidity.
Integrated design Team - A term referring to all individuals involved in a project from very early in the design process, including the design professionals (architect, engineers, landscape architect and interior designer); the owner’s representatives, (investors, developers, building users, facility managers and maintenance personnel), and the general contractor and subcontractors.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - The world’s largest developer and publisher of international standards. A organization complying with ISO 14001; minimizes harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities and achieves continual improvement of its environmental performance. Today, all Knoll facilities worldwide are ISO 14001 certified under the revised 2004 standard.
LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Building Rating System sets industry standards for green building design. It provides independent, third-party verification that a building project meets the highest green building and performance measures.
LEED Certified Buildings -
Lower operating costs and increased asset value.
Reduce waste sent to landfills.
Conserve energy and water.
Healthier and safer for occupants.
Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions.
Qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other incentives in hundreds of cities.
Demonstrate an owner’s commitment to environmental stewardship and social responsibility.
Life-Cycle Assessment - The comprehensive examination of a product’s environmental and economic effects throughout its lifetime, including raw material extraction, transportation, manufacturing, use and disposal.
Life-Cycle Cost - The amortized annual cost of a product that includes first costs, but also extends to include installation, operation, maintenance and disposal costs over the product’s lifetime.
Low Toxic - This refers to the degree to which a product is poisonous to people or other living organisms.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) - Informational fact sheets that identify hazardous chemicals and health and physical hazards, including exposure limits and precautions for workers who may come into contact with these chemicals. Green design professionals review product MSDS when specifying materials and require their submittal during the shop drawing phase.
Non-Renewable - A finite resource.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - OSHA aims to ensure employee safety and health in the U.S. by working with employers and employees to create better work environments. In 2005, the Knoll East Greenville, PA, facilities were designated an OSHA VPP (Voluntary Protection Program) Star site.
Ozone Layer - Defined by the EPA as the protective layer of atmosphere, 15 miles able the ground that absorbs some of the sun’s ultraviolet rays, reducing the amount of potentially harmful radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Ozone depletion is caused by the breakdown of certain chlorine-and/or bromine-containing compounds such as CFCs or halons.
Photovoltaic (PV) - The capacity of photocells to generate electricity from the sun’s energy. PV panels, now more affordable than in the past, are incorporated into building design. (See Building Related Photovoltaics)
Pollution Prevention - Reducing the amount of energy, materials, packaging or water in the design, manufacturing or purchasing of products or materials in an effort to increase efficient use of resources reduce toxicity and eliminate waste.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - One of the most common synthetic materials. Recently, however, the manufacture and disposal of PVC have been identified as potentially harmful to the
environment and human health. Knoll will not be using it in new systems, seating, ergonomic or KnollStudio, and a program to eliminate it from existing products have been initiated.
Post-Consumer - A material or finished product that served its intended use as a consumer item. It may be recycled and incorporated into building materials and identified as containing post-consumer recycled content or recovered material.
Post-Industrial or Pre-Consumer - This refers to waste produced during the manufacturing process of virgin material and rerouted from one step in the process to the next. This does not refer to recycled material.
Rapidly Renewable - Materials that are not depleted when used, but are typically harvested from fast growing sources and do not require unnecessary chemical support. Examples include bamboo, flax, wheat, wool and certain types of wood.
Recyclability - The ability of a product or material to be recovered or otherwise diverted form the solid waste stream for the purpose of recycling (EO13101).
Recycled/Recovered Materials - Waste materials and by-products that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste by do not include those materials and by-products generated from and commonly reused within an original manufacturing process (EO 13101).
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - One of the most common synthetic materials. Recently, however, the manufacture and disposal of PVC have been identified as potentially harmful to the
environment and human health. Knoll will not be using it in new systems, seating, ergonomic or KnollStudio, and a program to eliminate it from existing products have been initiated.
Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC) - PEFC is a global organization for the assessment of national forest certification programs built upon sustainable forest management principles, through a series of ongoing mechanisms supported by 149 governments in the world and covering 85 percent of the world’s forest area. The PEFC council promotes sustainably managed forests through independent third party certification. The PEFC provides an assurance mechanism to purchasers of wood and paper products that they are promoting the stainable management of forests.
Recycling - A series of activates including collection, separation and processing by which products or materials are recovered from the solid waste stream for use in the form of raw materials in the manufacture of new products other than fuel for producing heat or power by combustion (EO 13101).
Resource Efficiency - A practice in which the primary consideration of material use begins with the concept of “Reduce-Reuse-Recycle-Repair” stated in descending order of priority. This concept may be applied in everyday life to help promote a sustainable society. In design, begin by reducing the amount of material that is specified; find ways to reuse materials, recycle products or product waste; specify products made from recycled materials; repair or restore products instead of replacing them.
Renewable Energy - Energy harvested from sources that are not depleted when used, typically causing very low environmental impact. Examples include solar energy, hydroelectric power and wind power.
Remanufacturing - A recycling concept by which and existing product can have its useful life extended through a secondary manufacturing or refurbishing process such as remanufacturing systems furniture.
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) - Health complaints such as nasal congestion, headache, irritated eyes lethargy and tiredness, which are difficult to medically diagnose but are present in individuals when they are within a building and disappear or diminish once they leave the building. The cause of SBS is suspected to be poor air quality and conditions within the building.
Sustainable Yield vs. Ecologically Sustainable Forestry - Sustainable yield forestry dictates that the same number of trees cut down are planted. Clear-cutting with 100 percent replanted is an example of sustainable yield. Ecologically sustainable forestry dictates the management of a productive forest that supports a healthy ecosystem.
SMaRT© - Sustainable Materials Rating Technology– a transparent, quantified sustainable product standard that measures a product’s environmental benefits throughout the global supply chain, from raw materials to end of life. SMaRT is a set of consensus-based sustainable product standards that cover 80% of the world’s products—including building products, fabric, apparel, flooring and carpet. Based on the LEED model– this is a consensus rating system with prerequisites and optional credits. It is comprehensive program meets existing stringent product sustainability standards as a part of it criteria including: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001 Life Cycle Assessment: scientifically measures environmental impacts throughout product life cycle– raw materials extraction, manufacturing, shipping, use or reuse. A SMaRT standard is achieved in several ways including: Biobased or recycled materials and reclamation, sustainable reuse and end of life management. This certification program is overseen by the Institute for Market Transformation to Sustainability (MTS).
Sustainable Forest Initiative Certification (SFI) - The Sustainable Forestry Initiative® program is a comprehensive system of principles, objectives and performance measures developed by foresters, conservationists and scientists that combine the perpetual growing and harvesting of trees with the protection of wildlife, plants, soil and water quality.
Thermal Comfort - The appropriate combination of temperatures, warm or cool, combined with air flow and humidity, which allows one to be comfortable within the confines of a building. This comfort is not usually achieved by the fixed setting of thermostats but through careful design and planning.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) - These substances are indoor air pollutants or chemical compounds that exist as vapor or gases at normal temperatures and are carbon-based molecules typically used as solvents in products such as household cleaners, paints, inks and dyes. Sources of VOCs include formaldehyde (a suspected carcinogen), xylene, toluene, benzene (a known carcinogen) and acetone.
Waste Reduction - This is a process to reduce or eliminate the amount of waste generated at its source or to reduce the amount of toxicity form waste or the reuse of materials. The best way to reduce waste is not to create it in the first place.
Waste Stream - The total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions and manufacturing that is recycled, burned or disposed of in landfills.
Wastewater - Water that has been used and contaminated. Wastewater must be purified before being used again or before being returned to the environment.
